China Water Resources

Review and development trend of ecological compensation theoretical research

Ecological compensation as the new research topic at present need is constantly studied and summarized in practice.In this paper,the research of ecological compensation theory is reviewed and the analysis is made on the key and difficult points of the current research of ecological compensation,i.e.the determination of compensation standard and establishment of the ecological compensation mechanism,including the basic theory,maneuverability and legal and institutional aspects.At the same time the judgment for domestic research development trend of ecological compensation is given.

Urban flood control and resilient city construction: transformation, innovation, and reflections

Urban flood control in China has shifted from a focus on structural measures to a balanced integration of structural and non-structural approaches, from isolated flood and waterlogging management to integrated strategies,and from localized urban interventions to basin-wide governance. The introduction of sponge city and resilient city has notably enhanced urban flood control and facilitated sustainable urban development. Following years of exploration and practice, China has achieved progress in technology application, policy formulation, and public engagement,particularly in urban flood simulation and risk assessment. With the improvement of monitoring and perception systems,breakthroughs have been made in forecasting and early warning technologies, expanding the scope of their application.Mechanisms for interdepartmental collaboration and coordination, as well as public-private partnerships, have bolstered cities' resilience to floods, providing foundation for flood control and disaster mitigation efforts. Leveraging advanced technologies such as the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, LiDAR, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data, China is advancing digital twin basins and national/regional water networks, supporting flood control and ensuring high-quality water resource management. Looking ahead, urban flood control will continue to evolve towards a more systematic, intelligent, and ecologically-oriented approach. Embracing the opportunities and challenges of the new era,and integrating sponge city initiatives with resilient city development, we advocate for systematic governance, a focus on bottom-line thinking, and a commitment to innovative approaches. Through comprehensive planning and concerted efforts, we aim to enhance our capacity to prevent flood and drought disasters and ensure water security.

Establishment and application of “sky-space-earth-water-project” integrated monitoring and perception system for digital twin water resources

Monitoring and perception should be the premise and foundation of digital twin water resources. Application of monitoring or perception only can no longer meet the requirement for whole-process intelligent perception of all elements of water resources objects and water governance and management. Developing “sky-space-earth-water-project” integrated monitoring and perception system is urgent for monitoring and early warning of natural disasters, and an inevitable trend for developing new water conservancy productivity and a basis for improving quality and efficiency of digital twin water resources. Introductions are made on the overall framework, basic principles, and construction goals, with a focus on four aspects of technologies and equipment, communication security, data collection, institutional mechanism and standards. It aims to enhance monitoring and perception capabilities in six areas, including water and drought disaster prevention, water resource management and allocation, project construction and operation, river and lake chief system and governance, soil and water conservation, irrigation and drainage and rural water supply and hydropower development. Discussions are also made on the implementation path of “sky-space-earth-water-project” integrated monitoring and perception system, as well as measures of strengthening leadership, finance, scientific and technological innovation, and support of talents. The case of using monitoring and perception system to deal with breach of the Tuanzhou embankment in Hunan Province was evaluated. The research findings can provide reference for the comprehensive establishment of an integrated monitoring and perception system that covers “sky-space-earth-water-project”and support the development of a digital twin for water resources with full-element, high-fidelity “four-pre”(prediction, pre-warning, pre-emption, and preparedness) capabilities.

From ecological compensation to ecological inter-construction and share of river basins

In the light of external issues related to ecological construction and protection of river basins,the concept and main features of ecological compensation of river basins are present. It analyzes the existing problems in ecological compensation in our country. It is pointed out that building an ecological inter-construction and share mechanism of river basins is an effective means of alleviating dual-pressures encountered by ecological protection and fast development in water sources preserving areas and also the key of realizing a harmonious development of our economy and society with ecology. Taking Xing Anjiang River Basin as an example,it discusses ecological inter-construction and share mechanism of river basins,which involves in proposes concepts and scopes of ecological inter-construction areas and sharing areas, principle and procedures of building ecological inter-construction and share mechanism for river basins.

Problems of China's irrigation and drainage and the development strategy in the new period

Into the new century,new situations and problems appear in China's irrigation and drainage,which calls for the new mechanisms for the development of irrigation and drainage.This paper briefly analyzes the development course of China's irrigation and drainage and summarizes the major problems of the irrigation and drainage in the new period.Accordingly,this paper analyzes the causes of the new problems from the aspects of fiscal policy,labor allocation,legal environment,engineering technology,land management system and so on,and proposed the corresponding countermeasures using the approaches of working principles,management system,investment responsibility,co-ordination mechanisms,capacity building and legislation.

Digital twin theory of watershed and its application in flood control of the Yellow River

Global warming and climate change in China

Global climate has been undergoing a significant change with warming as main characteristics due to increasing of greenhouse gases. Global changes in temperature and precipitation were briefly introduced. And characteristics of climate change in China over the recent 50 years were emphatically analyzed based on the previous study on climate change. Finally, according to the conclusions in AR4 of IPCC, That human activity is the possible reason of global warming was preliminarily stated.

Introduction of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol

The backgrounds, main contents of two important international policy files of UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and Kyoto Protocol on climate change were briefly introduced. And attitudes for greenhouse gases emission of China and some developed countries were stated in the paper.

Support watershed management with the digital twin Yangtze River

The pilot project of the digital twin Yangtze River is constructed based on the top-level design of smart water, under the guidance of the technical outline of digital twin river basin construction and technical guidelines of digital twin water project construction. With consideration of the increasing requirements for integrated management of the Yangtze River Basin, this paper introduces the overall layout of the pilot projects, the main contents of database plate construction, model and knowledge platform expansion and business application support. It analyzes the supporting role of pilots in the river basin management, including flood control, water resources management,comprehensive management of reservoir areas and project safe operation. It explores key technologies for improving the simulation of the river basin, with targets of accurate prediction of physical phenomena at multiple time and space scales, whole chain disaster and risk early warning, resumption of historical events, simulation rehearsal of future scenarios and decision-making and plans for emergency response, so as to realize mutual feed between digital twin watershed and physical watershed. The pilot of the digital twin Yangtze River should be beneficial for boosting the construction of the digital twin Yangtze River.

River Basin Management in Tennessee Valley, USA

Before comprehensive treatment, the Tennessee Valley in USA was featured in deforestation, severe soil and water erosion, frequent occurrence of floods and storms and once labeled as one of the poorest and most backward areas in the country. Later, overall and integrated development and treatment had been adopted for the natural resources in the Valley and splendid achievements have been made and regarded as an unique and successful example of river basin management. The major experience are as follows: to provide legal base for integrated management of natural resources in the Valley by legislation and enactment; the Tennessee Valley Authority adopts integrated management approach of water resources in the valley; to establish sound operation and management mechanism; river basin management has in turn promoted the development of local economy and society.