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Focusing on the evaluation of construction effectiveness of happy rivers and lakes in plateau regions, this study takes the happy river and lake in Zhongqu, Ngari, Tibet, as a typical case. It systematically analyzes the applicability and limitations of the mandatory indicators in the current “Work Plan for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Happy Rivers and Lakes Construction(Trial)” under the special conditions of plateau environments. The study identifies eight mandatory indicators that are clearly unsuitable, falling into two categories: those requiring optimization, including flood control compliance rate, soil and water conservation rate, water quality status, and cultural inheritance; and those requiring replacement, including natural shoreline condition, ecological flow satisfaction, total pollutant reduction, and per capita disposable income of residents. Based on the principles of scientific soundness, fairness, quantifiability, and data availability, an optimization and replacement scheme adapted to plateau conditions is proposed, and a revised evaluation system is constructed. A comparative scoring analysis between the original and revised systems shows that the improved system demonstrates higher rationality, better data availability, and stronger operability in plateau environments, leading to more objective and scientific evaluation results. This study not only enhances the applicability and guidance of effectiveness evaluation of happy rivers and lakes construction in plateau regions, but also provides a scientific basis and practical approach for river and lake management and sustainable development in cold and ecologically fragile areas.
To implement the requirements of resilient city development and promote the transformation of urban flood management from passive end-of-pipe treatment to systematic source control, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, took the national lead in 2021 by introducing a flood safety assessment system during the urban planning stage. Since its implementation, significant results have been achieved in areas such as spatial control of river networks, implementation of flood control and drainage facilities, realization of sponge storage facilities, and waterlogging management. From 2022 to 2024, through flood safety assessments in 481 regulatory detailed plans, 1001 km of planned river and lake control lines and 18.54 million m~3 of sponge storage facilities were implemented. Using Guangzhou as an example, the development process and effectiveness of the flood safety assessment system were summarized, and the assessment contents and requirements were analyzed. The study shows that flood safety assessment is a key innovative mechanism to address the current urban flood dilemma: first, shifting the focus of urban flood management from post-event response to pre-event control, strengthening guidance and supervision during the planning stage, and controlling flood safety from the source; second, improving urban flood resilience through integrated measures and three-dimensional defense. Based on Guangzhou's exploratory practice, it is proposed that flood safety should be regarded as a rigid constraint in urban development, and that urban flood management should shift from adversarial defense to resilience governance, with strengthened application of flood risk analysis techniques and results in urban planning. This provides insights for resilient city development and serves as a reference for other cities in China.
The national 14 th Five-Year Plan and the National Water Network Construction Plan Outline explicitly propose the implementation of major national water network projects and the accelerated construction of the national water network. A key task of this construction is to focus on ensuring urban water supply safety, enhancing the assurance rate of urban water supply, and overcoming the “water” bottleneck restricting urban development. Shenzhen, as a pioneering demonstration zone of socialism with Chinese characteristics, a national special economic zone, and a core city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, has a permanent population of nearly 20 million, making its water supply safety particularly critical. Taking the newly constructed Gongming Reservoir–Qinglinjing Reservoir Connection Project and the Luotian Reservoir–Tiegang Reservoir Water Conveyance Tunnel Project in the “three vertical and four horizontal” water network system of Shenzhen as the background, this paper, from the perspective of survey and design, systematically investigates the key technical issues that must be addressed in the construction of water networks in megacities. These include safety control in long-distance deep-buried tunnel exploration, engineering route and site selection and type determination, maintenance and operation, major structural design, and multi-objective coupled smart water network dispatching during the operation stage. A full-chain systematic study is carried out, and integrated solutions are proposed to facilitate smooth project construction and intelligent operation, thereby enhancing the “water” resilience of urban development.
Water conservancy is an important support and fundamental guarantee for national economic and social development. Scientifically assessing the future development trends of water conservancy and preparing to meet new challenges and historical missions are of great significance. On the basis of reviewing “water conservancy 4.0”, the conception of “water conservancy 5.0” is proposed, with a preliminary judgment that “water conservancy 5.0” will be the stage of symbiotic water conservancy during 2036-2060. Its main characteristics are: relying on relatively sound water engineering construction, ecological water conservancy construction, and intelligent technology application, and taking the harmonious symbiosis of human-water relationship as the fundamental water situation, to carry out comprehensive “grand water conservancy” work. The reasons for proposing “water conservancy 5.0” are explained, and the framework of “water conservancy 5.0” is described, namely that at this stage a multi-dimensional harmonious symbiosis of water conservancy, a relatively well-developed supporting system, and a harmonious symbiosis development pattern should have been formed. Preparations to be initiated in the decade before its arrival(2025-2035) are planned in advance, including ideological, administrative, engineering, technological, and educational readiness. Finally, the key research directions of the “water conservancy 5.0” stage(2036-2060) are briefly predicted in six aspects: theory and methodology, technological research and development, ecological construction, intelligent services, engineering construction, and operational management, providing a reference for the strategic layout of water conservancy and the prediction of water science and technology development.
With the acceleration of urbanization and the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events, traditional flood control facilities in high-density urban areas face contradictions between retention capacity and adaptability, making it difficult to meet the demands for rapid response and reliable defense. There is an urgent need to establish a resilient urban flood control system that can be rapidly deployed and structurally safe. This paper proposes the concept of a Flood-retention Building System(FBS), guided by the principle of “zero additional land use”. Through a “space utilization + active regulation” mechanism, the system innovatively utilizes underground building space, converting foundation pit cushion cavities into “flood storage chambers”, and switching basements into “flood storage tanks” during extreme weather events, thereby forming flood retention units within building boundaries. Supported by “overflow pressure control” active anti-buoyancy technology, FBS extends building structural functions through space utilization, enabling active regulation of urban waterlogging. By adopting a tiered flood retention strategy, it ensures efficient response to pluvial flooding during extreme rainfall. Operating under the three-phase model of “normal storage-pre-alert drainage-emergency flood diversion”, and integrated with an IoT-based scheduling platform, the system realizes a distributed regional flood retention network. Calculation results show that a conventional 10 000 m~2 two-level underground space retrofitted with FBS can provide about 5000 m~3 of flood storage chambers and 100 000 m~3 of flood storage tanks, while reducing construction costs to 10% of traditional systems. It is suggested that flood retention capacity be incorporated into regulatory planning as a mandatory indicator, supplemented by floor area ratio incentives and financial subsidies, to promote the wide application of FBS and support the high-quality development of resilient cities.
Comprehensively improving the digital service level of engineering survey is crucial for accelerating the construction of digital twin in water conservancy. In accordance with the requirements of “demanddriven, application-oriented, digital empowerment, and capability enhancement”, it is necessary to deepen the digital mapping, intelligent simulation, and forward-looking rehearsal of all elements in survey production, so as to promote the quality and efficiency of survey and design work, realize digital empowerment, and achieve intelligent early warning and control of geological risks. In view of the current situation in China's water conservancy survey field, where understanding of survey digital twin is not unified, achievements are fragmented, and technical routes are immature, this paper proposes a collaborative mechanism for the whole process of water conservancy engineering survey digital twin, consisting of “digital collection-modeling and simulation-twin application-standard construction”. The connotation, application requirements, construction contents, and key technologies of survey digital twin are clarified, and a digital twin platform for water conservancy engineering survey is constructed. The platform includes an “sky-space-earth integrated” data acquisition system, a 2D and 3D real-scene cataloging system, a 3D geological modeling system, a rock slope design system, a “one-map” system for water conservancy engineering survey, and a geotechnical construction management and control system, thereby realizing whole-process digital operations and result delivery. Practice shows that this technology and platform enable dynamic management and control of the entire survey process through digital twin technology, providing a referable solution for digital twin development in the water conservancy industry and supporting the construction of smart water conservancy.
The Wangting Water Conservancy Hub is a crossing structure where the Wangyu River intersects the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. As a key hydraulic project on the Wangyu River, it plays an important role in flood control, waterlogging drainage, water diversion, and navigation in the Taihu Lake basin. Under extreme weather conditions, strong human disturbances, tidal river network effects, and significant temporal variability, the operational and hydrological conditions of the Wangting Hub have undergone major changes, making it urgent to reassess the ultimate indicators for its control and operation. Taking structural safety as the baseline, this study adopts literature review, standardized calculation, full-envelope coverage, and index correlation assessment methods to systematically analyze three core indicators(controlled water level, sluice discharge, and water level difference) and five key influencing factors(structural stability, seepage safety, hydraulic conditions, gate hoisting force, and gate structural strength and stiffness). A comprehensive assessment is then conducted to determine reasonable ultimate values of the hub under the coupling and constraints of multiple factors. The findings provide a scientific basis for the control and operation of the Wangting Water Conservancy Hub and also offer reference and demonstration significance for studying ultimate indicators of sluice control and operation in different types of sluices, such as open-type and breastwall-type structures.
Pingtan Island is an important comprehensive experimental zone for pioneering policies in the construction of the West Coast Economic Zone. However, due to its hydrological characteristics as an island, precipitation is unevenly distributed in time and space, water retention capacity is weak, and evaporation is strong, leading to prominent water scarcity problems. To meet the water demand of the leapfrog development of the Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone, the Minjiang River Diversion Project in Fuqing and the Water Resources Allocation Project of Pingtan and Minjiang Estuary in Fujian Province have been successively completed and put into operation. As the core hub for water regulation on the island, the Sanshiliujiao Lake Reservoir undertakes key functions such as storing diverted water and supplying water through scheduling, and its scientific operation is crucial for ensuring regional water resource supply. Based on the analysis of regional water resource allocation and supply tasks, the dual requirements of flood control and water supply in the operation of the Sanshiliujiao Lake Reservoir were identified. Guided by the principle of “no overflow under common flood conditions and reliable water storage for supply”, water supply scheduling water level lines were established through pre-allocation of flood control storage capacity and tiered water supply operations. Water level thresholds were applied to achieve drought warning and decision-making response. The results show that this scheduling strategy effectively improves the scientific basis, flexibility, and safety of reservoir operation, enhances the reliability of water supply under emergencies and extreme climate conditions, provides a scientific basis for water resource management in the Pingtan Comprehensive Experimental Zone, and offers reference value for water resource management in similar island regions.
Since the 12 th Five-Year Plan, the goals and indicators set out in each plan have collectively reflected the development concepts and directions of the new era. Based on publicly available policy documents on water conservancy development planning from the 12 th to the 14 th Five-Year Plan periods, this study systematically reviews and analyzes the evolutionary trajectory and structural changes of the indicator system, revealing the fundamental characteristics and transformation trends of China's water conservancy development in the new era. The results show that the indicator system has evolved from being dominated by engineering construction and water supply security to a multi-objective composite system encompassing water conservation and intensive utilization, water ecological protection and restoration, basic public services for water conservancy, and digital and intelligent governance. At present, water conservancy development in China is shifting from an engineering-dominated approach to one that balances resource conservation and ecological protection, and is further advancing toward integration with intelligent modern governance. This process reflects a transition in national water management strategy from scale expansion during the high-speed growth stage to conservation-intensive and ecologically coordinated development in the stage of high-quality growth, signifying an elevated and transformed positioning of water conservancy in the national economic strategy. A five-category analytical framework for water conservancy development planning indicator system is innovatively constructed, clarifying their evolutionary characteristics, providing a structured perspective for understanding water management logic in the new era, and offering empirical evidence and policy references for optimizing water security planning indicators and enhancing governance capacity in the 15 th Five-Year Plan period.
The Ministry of Water Resources has implemented the National Groundwater Monitoring Project, continuously improving the integrated monitoring system of “sky-space-earth-water-project”, building a remote sensing satellite constellation for water conservancy applications, enhancing multi-regional, multiresolution, and high-frequency observation capabilities, and promoting technological innovation with new quality productive forces. Gravity satellite remote sensing technology, with its unique advantages of overcoming terrain constraints and enabling continuous observation at large spatial scales, has broken through the technical bottlenecks of traditional land and groundwater monitoring methods, such as limited monitoring range, difficulty in data acquisition, and insufficient continuity. It can significantly improve the ability to evaluate dynamic changes in groundwater reserves. This paper briefly analyzes the progress of gravity satellite technology in groundwater monitoring, expounds on its basic principles, application research, and data products, and points out the current bottlenecks, including low spatial resolution, low accuracy at short time spans(in months), and the fact that domestically developed gravity satellites have not yet entered the stage of operational application. It further explores technical pathways for three-dimensional monitoring of groundwater storage changes: constructing downscaling models for multi-source data collaboration, developing a “fourpre” operational system for groundwater forecasting, early warning, rehearsal, and contingency planning based on gravity satellite technology, and developing a new generation of satellites for national water security. These efforts aim to realize the operational application of gravity satellites in groundwater monitoring and evaluation in key areas, effectively support rigid water resource constraints, and continuously enhance water security assurance capabilities.